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Boletus pinophilus
''Boletus pinophilus'', commonly known as the pine bolete or pinewood king bolete, is a basidiomycete fungus of the genus ''Boletus'' found throughout Europe. For many years, ''Boletus pinophilus'' was considered a subspecies or form of the porcini mushroom ''B. edulis''. In 2008, ''B. pinophilus'' in western North America were reclassified as a new species, ''Boletus rex-veris''. ''Boletus pinophilus'' is edible, and may be preserved and cooked.
The fungus grows predominantly in coniferous forests, forming symbiotic ectomycorrhizal associations with living trees by enveloping the tree's underground roots with sheaths of fungal tissue. The fungus produces spore-bearing fruit bodies above ground in summer and autumn. The large, edible fruiting bodies known as mushrooms appear under pine trees, generally in summer and autumn. It has a matte brown to maroon-coloured cap and its stem is often large and swollen, and the overall colour may have an orange-red tinge. As with other boletes, the size of the fruiting body is variable.
==Taxonomy==
Italian naturalist Carlo Vittadini was the first to recognise the pine bolete as a distinct taxon. It was raised to species status by Antonio Venturi in 1863. For many years, ''Boletus pinophilus'' was considered a variety of ''Boletus edulis'', and before that as ''Boletus pinicola''. This species, while no longer treated as a variety of ''B. edulis'', is classified in ''Boletus'' section ''Boletus'', and hence, as a close relative of ''B. edulis''.〔 It gained its current name in 1973, described by Czech mycologists Albert Pilát and Aurel Dermek.〔 Its specific epithet is a mix of Latin ''pinus'' "pine",〔 and Ancient Greek ''philus'' "loving".〔 ''Boletus pinicola'' is a synonym subsequently found to be an invalid name.〔 Common names include the pine bolete, and the pinewood king bolete.〔Falandysz J, Bielawski L, Kannan K, Gucia M, Lipka K, Brzostowski A. (2002). "Mercury in wild mushrooms and underlying soil substrate from the great lakes land in Poland". "Journal of Environmental Monitoring" 4(4): 473–476.〕
In 2008, a taxonomic revision of western North American populations of this species was published, formally establishing them as a distinct species, ''Boletus rex-veris''.〔Arora D (2008) (California porcini: three new taxa, observations on their harvest, and the tragedy of no commons. ) ''Economic Botany'' 62(3): 356–375.〕 Phylogenetic analysis has shown ''B. pinophilus'' as a member of a clade, or closely related group, with the North American species ''B. subcaerulescens'', ''Gastroboletus subalpinus'', ''B. regineus'', ''B. fibrillosus'', and ''B. rex-veris''. Despite the diverse appearances, these taxa are close genetically, leading Feng and colleagues to speculate on combining the first four taxa above as a single species. These four diverged from the lineage that gave rise to ''B. fibrillosus'' and ''B. rex-veris'' around 5 million years ago.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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